aku

aku adalah secercah harapan dari orangtuaku....

my friends & me

movie maker- silent way (Shinta Afniagara)

LEARNING STRATEGY TRAINING

 

ž  Is when research observed that language teachers time might be profitably spent in learning training. Such suggestion led to the idea of learning strategy training. Training students in the use of learning strategies in order to improve  their learning effectiveness.

Reading strategies

ž  Skimming is read quickly only to find out what the main idea of the text.

We uses the think-aloud    technique in this concept :

ž  To do first is read title.

ž  Read the first paragraph. But we don’t read every word. Let our eyes skim it very quickly, just picking out what we think are the main ideas.

ž  When we read through the first paragraph quickly and don’t read every word, skip those if we don’t know the meaning of. See what we can learn about the main idea of the reading in this way.

ž  Don’t use dictionary.

The benefits of this concept :

ž  The benefit of learning strategy training is that it can help learners to continue to learn after they have completed their formal study to be more effective in learning the target language

 

media of teaching

bingkai foto dari batang kayu

saya membuat media pengajaran ini sebagai contoh kerajinan tangan yang menggunakan media dari ranting kayu bekas, cara membuatnyapun sangat sederhana. bagi anda yang suka menaruh foto dibingkai biasa, anda patut mencobanya.

siapkan alat dan bahan seperti :

- ranting kayu

- gergaji

- papan kayu / triplek

- lem kayu 

cara membuat : 

1. potong ranting kayu secara tipis dengan gergaji sehingga membentuk sebuah lingkaran atau sebuah lempengan kayu

2. buat pola persegi panjang, kemudian lem dengan triplek, pasang membentuk bingkai persegi panjang

3. warnai bingkai untuk mempercantik sesuai dengan keinginan anda sepert plitur / pernis

4. lem kepingan kayu di seluruh permukaan tepi yang sudah di potong- potong

5. selesailah bingkai foto kayu anda

hal yang bisa di ambil dari teknik kerajinan tangan ini adalah agar kita bisa memanfaatkan bahan- bahan yang sebenarnya masih bisa di gunakan untuk membuat sesuatu yang lain, kita daur ulang lagi, jadi semoga bermanfaat ... :-)

lexical approach

Lexical approach is understanding vocabulary ideas of grammar in language structure with lexis in learning and in communication.

Teaching technique

}  The student must learn vocabulary.

}  Students should  known the grammatical structure of language.

}  Teacher explain about collocation until student how to use vocabulary in collocation.

“Why collocation the focus in the EFL/ESL classroom teaching?”

›  Because collocation is arbitrary and unpredictable.

›  Ying and Hendriks (2004) show to your study EFL learners have a poor mastery of the collocation.

Purpose :

It is based on the idea that an important part of language acquisition is the ability to comprehend and produce lexical phrases an unanalyzed whole or “chunks” and that these chunk become the raw data by which learners perceive patterns, of language traditionally thought of as grammar.

Produce :
Hill (2000) suggests that classroom procedures involve :

a)      Teaching individual collocation

b)      Making students aware of collocation

c)      Extending what students already know by adding knowledge of collocation restrictions to know vocabulary

d)       Storing collocations through encouraging students to keep a lexical notebook.

Cooperative learning

Cooperative learning is an approach to organizing classroom activities into academic and social learning experiences. It differs from group work, and it has been described as "structuring positive interdependence."Students must work in groups to complete tasks collectively toward academic goals. Unlike individual learning, which can be competitive in nature, students learning cooperatively capitalize on one another’s resources and skills (asking one another for information, evaluating one another’s ideas, monitoring one another’s work, etc.). Furthermore, the teacher's role changes from giving information to facilitating students' learning. Everyone succeeds when the group succeeds. Ross and Smyth (1995) describe successful cooperative learning tasks as intellectually demanding, creative, open-ended, and involve higher order thinking tasks. Five essential elements are identified for the successful incorporation of cooperative learning in the classroom.

History

Prior to World War II, social theorists such as Allport, Watson, Shaw, and Mead began establishing cooperative learning theory after finding that group work was more effective and efficient in quantity, quality, and overall productivity when compared to working alone.However, it wasn’t until 1937 when researchers May and Doob found that people who cooperate and work together to achieve shared goals, were more successful in attaining outcomes, than those who strived independently to complete the same goals. Furthermore, they found that independent achievers had a greater likelihood of displaying competitive behaviours.

Philosophers and psychologists in the 1930s and 40’s such as John Dewey, Kurt Lewin, and Morton Deutsh also influenced the cooperative learning theory practiced today.  Dewey believed it was important that students develop knowledge and social skills that could be used outside of the classroom, and in the democratic society. This theory portrayed students as active recipients of knowledge by discussing information and answers in groups, engaging in the learning process together rather than being passive receivers of information (e.g., teacher talking, students listening).

Lewin’s contributions to cooperative learning were based on the ideas of establishing relationships between group members in order to successfully carry out and achieve the learning goal. Deutsh’s contribution to cooperative learning was positive social interdependence, the idea that the student is responsible for contributing to group knowledge. Since then, David and Roger Johnson have been actively contributing to the cooperative learning theory. In 1975, they identified that cooperative learning promoted mutual liking, better communication, high acceptance and support, as well as demonstrated an increase in a variety of thinking strategies among individuals in the group. Students who showed to be more competitive lacked in their interaction and trust with others, as well as in their emotional involvement with other students.

In 1994 Johnson and Johnson published the 5 elements (positive interdependence, individual accountability, face-to-face interaction, social skills, and processing) essential for effective group learning, achievement, and higher-order social, personal and cognitive skills (e.g., problem solving, reasoning, decision-making, planning, organizing, and reflecting).

Types

Formal cooperative learning is structured, facilitated, and monitored by the educator over time and is used to achieve group goals in task work (e.g. completing a unit). Any course material or assignment can be adapted to this type of learning, and groups can vary from 2-6 people with discussions lasting from a few minutes up to an entire period. Types of formal cooperative learning strategies include:

1. The jigsaw technique
2. Assignments that involve group problem solving and decision making
3. Laboratory or experiment assignments
4. Peer review work (e.g. editing writing assignments).

Having experience and developing skill with this type of learning often facilitates informal and base learning. Jigsaw activities are wonderful because the student assumes the role of the teacher on a given topic and is in charge of teaching the topic to a classmate. The idea is that if students can teach something, they have already learned the material.

Informal cooperative learning incorporates group learning with passive teaching by drawing attention to material through small groups throughout the lesson or by discussion at the end of a lesson, and typically involves groups of two (e.g. turn-to-your-partner discussions). These groups are often temporary and can change from lesson to lesson (very much unlike formal learning where 2 students may be lab partners throughout the entire semester contributing to one another’s knowledge of science).

Discussions typically have four components that include formulating a response to questions asked by the educator, sharing responses to the questions asked with a partner, listening to a partner’s responses to the same question, and creating a new well-developed answer. This type of learning enables the student to process, consolidate, and retain more information.

 In group-based cooperative learning, these peer groups gather together over the long term (e.g. over the course of a year, or several years such as in high school or post-secondary studies) to develop and contribute to one another’s knowledge mastery on a topic by regularly discussing material, encouraging one another, and supporting the academic and personal success of group members.

Base group learning (e.g., a long term study group) is effective for learning complex subject matter over the course or semester and establishes caring, supportive peer relationships, which in turn motivates and strengthens the student’s commitment to the group’s education while increasing self-esteem and self-worth. Base group approaches also make the students accountable to educating their peer group in the event that a member was absent for a lesson. This is effective both for individual learning, as well as social support.

Elements

Brown & Ciuffetelli Parker (2009) and Siltala (2010) discuss the 5 basic and essential elements to cooperative learning:^.

 Positive interdependence

1. Students must fully participate and put forth effort within their group
2. Each group member has a task/role/responsibility therefore must believe that they are responsible for their learning and that of their group
1. Face-to-face promotive interaction
1. Members promote each other's success
2. Students explain to one another what they have or are learning and assist one another with understanding and completion of assignments
2. Individual and group accountability
1. Each student must demonstrate mastery of the content being studied
2. Each student is accountable for their learning and work, therefore eliminating “social loafing”
3. Social skills
1. Social skills that must be taught in order for successful cooperative learning to occur
2. Skills include effective communication, interpersonal and group skills
1. Leadership
2. Decision-making
3. Trust-building
4. Communication
5. Conflict-management skills
4. Group processing
1. Every so often groups must assess their effectiveness and decide how it can be improved

In order for student achievement to improve considerably, two characteristics must be present: When designing cooperative learning tasks and reward structures, individual responsibility and accountability must be identified. Individuals must know exactly what their responsibilities are and that they are accountable to the group in order to reach their goal.

1. All group members must be involved in order for the group to complete the task. In order for this to occur each member must have a task that they are responsible for which cannot be completed by any other group member.

Cooperative Learning Techniques

There are a great number of cooperative learning techniques available. Some cooperative learning techniques utilize student pairing, while others utilize small groups of four or five students. Hundreds of techniques have been created into structures to use in any content area. Among the easy to implement structures are Think-Pair-Share, Think-Pair-Write, variations of Round Robin, and the Reciprocal Teaching Technique. A well known cooperative learning technique is the Jigsaw, Jigsaw II and Reverse Jigsaw.

Think Pair Share

Originally developed by Frank T. Lyman (1981), Think-Pair-Share allows for students to contemplate a posed question or problem silently. The student may write down thoughts or simply just brainstorm in his or her head. When prompted, the student pairs up with a peer and discusses his or her idea(s) and then listens to the ideas of his or her partner. Following pair dialogue, the teacher solicits responses from the whole group.

Jigsaw

Students are members of two groups: home group and expert group. In the heterogeneous home group, students are each assigned a different topic. Once a topic has been identified, students leave the home group and group with the other students with their assigned topic. In the new group, students learn the material together before returning to their home group. Once back in their home group, each student is accountable for teaching his or her assigned topic.

Jigsaw II

Jigsaw II is Robert Slavin's (1980) variation of Jigsaw in which members of the home group are assigned the same material, but focus on separate portions of the material. Each member must become an "expert" on his or her assigned portion and teach the other members of the home group.

Reverse Jigsaw

This variation was created by Timothy Hedeen (2003) It differs from the original Jigsaw during the teaching portion of the activity. In the Reverse Jigsaw technique, students in the expert groups teach the whole class rather than return to their home groups to teach the content.

Reciprocal Teaching

Brown & Paliscar (1982) developed reciprocal teaching. It is a cooperative technique that allows for student pairs to participate in a dialogue about text. Partners take turns reading and asking questions of each other, receiving immediate feedback. Such a model allows for students to use important metacognitive techniques such as clarifying, questioning, predicting, and summarizing. It embraces the idea that students can effectively learn from each other.

The Williams

Students collaborate to answer a big question that is the learning objective. Each group has differentiated questions that increases in cognitive ability to allow students to progress and meet the learning objective.

STAD (or Student-Teams-Achievement Divisions)

Students are placed in small groups (or teams). The class in its entirety is presented with a lesson and the students are subsequently tested. Individuals are graded on the team's performance. Although the tests are taken individually, students are encouraged to work together to improve the overall performance of the group.

Research supporting cooperative learning

Research on cooperative learning demonstrated “overwhelmingly positive” results and confirmed that cooperative modes are cross-curricular. Cooperative learning requires students to engage in group activities that increase learning and adds other important dimensions. The positive outcomes include academic gains, improved race relations and increased personal and social development. Students who fully participate in group activities, exhibit collaborative behaviors, provide constructive feedback, and cooperate with their groups have a higher likelihood of receiving higher test scores and course grades at the end of the semester. Cooperative learning is an active pedagogy that fosters higher academic achievement. Cooperative learning has also been found to increase attendance, time on task, enjoyment of school and classes, motivation, and independence.
Benefits and applicability of cooperative learning: Students demonstrate academic achievement

• Cooperative learning methods are usually equally effective for all ability levels
• Cooperative learning is effective for all ethnic groups
• Student perceptions of one another are enhanced when given the opportunity to work with one another
• Cooperative learning increases self-esteem and self-concept
• Ethnic and physically/mentally handicapped barriers are broken down allowing for positive interactions and friendships to occur

Cooperative learning results in: Increased higher level reasoning

• Increased generation of new ideas and solutions
• Greater transfer of learning between situations

Cooperative learning is significant in business: Cooperative learning can be seen as a characteristic of innovative businesses

• The five stage division on cooperative learning creates a useful method of analyzing learning in innovative businesses
• Innovativity connected to cooperative learning seems to make the creation of innovations possible

Limitations

Cooperative Learning has many limitations that could cause the process to be more complicated than first perceived. Sharan (2010) describes the constant evolution of cooperative learning as a threat. Because cooperative learning is constantly changing, there is a possibility that teachers may become confused and lack complete understanding of the method. Teachers implementing cooperative learning may also be challenged with resistance and hostility from students who believe that they are being held back by their slower teammates or by students who are less confident and feel that they are being ignored or demeaned by their team.^.

Students often provide feedback in the success of the teamwork experienced during cooperative learning experiences. Peer review and evaluations may not reflect true experiences due to perceived competition among peers. A confidential evaluation process may help to increase evaluation strength